DeepSpeed Configuration JSON

Batch Size Related Parameters

Note: train_batch_size must be equal to train_micro_batch_size_per_gpu * gradient_accumulation * number of GPUs. For simplicity, you can choose to only specify two of the three parameters, the last one will be inferred automatically by DeepSpeed.

train_batch_size: [integer]

Value

Example

The effective training batch size. This is the amount of data samples that leads to one step of model update. train_batch_size is aggregated by the batch size that a single GPU processes in one forward/backward pass (a.k.a., train_micro_batch_size_per_gpu), the gradient accumulation steps (a.k.a., gradient_accumulation_steps), and the number of GPUs. Can be omitted if both train_micro_batch_size_per_gpu and gradient_accumulation_steps are provided.

32

train_micro_batch_size_per_gpu: [integer]

Description	Default
Batch size to be processed by one GPU in one step (without gradient accumulation). Can be omitted if both train_batch_size and gradient_accumulation_steps are provided.	train_batch_size value

gradient_accumulation_steps: [integer]

Description	Default
Number of training steps to accumulate gradients before averaging and applying them. This feature is sometimes useful to improve scalability since it results in less frequent communication of gradients between steps. Another impact of this feature is the ability to train with larger batch sizes per GPU. Can be omitted if both train_batch_size and train_micro_batch_size_per_gpu are provided.	1

Optimizer Parameters

optimizer: [dictionary]

Fields	Value	Example
type	The optimizer name. DeepSpeed natively supports Adam, AdamW, OneBitAdam, Lamb, and OneBitLamb optimizers (See here for details) and will import other optimizers from torch.	"Adam"
params	Dictionary of parameters to instantiate optimizer. The parameter names must match the optimizer constructor signature (e.g., for Adam).	{"lr": 0.001, "eps": 1e-8}

Example of optimizer with Adam

"optimizer": {
    "type": "Adam",
    "params": {
      "lr": 0.001,
      "betas": [
        0.8,
        0.999
      ],
      "eps": 1e-8,
      "weight_decay": 3e-7
    }
  }

The Adam optimizer also supports the following two params keys/values in addition to the standard parameters from torch.optim.Adam:

“params” key	Description	Default
torch_adam	Use torch’s implementation of adam instead of our fused adam implementation	false
adam_w_mode	Apply L2 regularization (also known as AdamW)	true

Another example of optimizer with 1-bit Adam specific parameters is as follows.

"optimizer": {
    "type": "OneBitAdam",
    "params": {
      "lr": 0.001,
      "betas": [
        0.8,
        0.999
      ],
      "eps": 1e-8,
      "weight_decay": 3e-7,
      "freeze_step": 400,
      "cuda_aware": false,
      "comm_backend_name": "nccl"
    }
  }

The 1-bit Adam optimizer supports the following three params keys/values in addition to the standard Adam (learn more in our tutorial):

“params” key	Description	Default
freeze_step	Number of warm up steps before 1-bit compression gets applied to the communication	100000
cuda_aware	To indicate that the underlying MPI library supports CUDA-Aware communication	false
comm_backend_name	To indicate which backend implementation to use	“nccl”

A variant optimizer for 1-bit Adam is 0/1 Adam, which further optimizes 1-bit Adam via adaptive variance freezing and 1-bit synchronization over optimizer states.

"optimizer": {
    "type": "ZeroOneAdam",
    "params": {
      "lr": 1e-3,
      "weight_decay": 0.01,
      "bias_correction": false,
      "var_freeze_step": 1000,
      "var_update_scaler": 16,
      "local_step_scaler": 1000,
      "local_step_clipper": 16,
      "cuda_aware": false,
      "comm_backend_name": "nccl"
    }
  }

0/1 Adam supports the following params key/values in addition to standard Adam (learn more in our tutorial.)

“params” key	Description	Default
var_freeze_step	The latest step to update the variance	100000
var_update_scaler	The interval to update the variance	16
local_step_scaler	The interval to scale the local steps interval according to the learning rate policy	32678
local_step_clipper	The largest interval for local steps with learning rate policy	16
cuda_aware	To indicate that the underlying MPI library supports CUDA-Aware communication	false
comm_backend_name	To indicate which backend implementation to use	“nccl”

Another example of optimizer with 1-bit LAMB

"optimizer": {
    "type": "OneBitLamb",
    "params": {
      "lr": 11e-3,
      "weight_decay": 0.01,
      "bias_correction": false,
      "max_coeff": 0.3,
      "min_coeff": 0.01,
      "freeze_step": 1000,
      "cuda_aware": false,
      "comm_backend_name": "nccl",
      "coeff_beta": 0.9,
      "factor_max": 4.0,
      "factor_min": 0.5,
      "factor_threshold": 0.1
    }
  }

The 1-bit LAMB optimizer supports the following params keys/values in addition to the standard LAMB (learn more in our tutorial):

“params” key	Description	Default
max_coeff	Scaling coefficient upper bound for original LAMB algorithm and 1-bit LAMB’s warmup stage	10.0
min_coeff	Scaling coefficient lower bound for original LAMB algorithm and 1-bit LAMB’s warmup stage	0.01
freeze_step	Number of warm up steps before 1-bit compression gets applied to the communication	100000
cuda_aware	To indicate that the underlying MPI library supports CUDA-Aware communication	false
comm_backend_name	To indicate which backend implementation to use	“nccl”
coeff_beta	Coefficient used for computing running averages of lamb coefficient	0.9
factor_max	Maximum value of scaling factor to the frozen lamb coefficient during compression stage	4.0
factor_min	Minimum value of scaling factor to the frozen lamb coefficient during compression stage	0.5
factor_threshold	Threshold of how much the scaling factor can fluctuate between steps	0.1

Scheduler Parameters

DeepSpeed calls the step() method of the scheduler at every training step when model_engine.step() is executed.

scheduler: [dictionary]

Fields	Value	Example
type	The scheduler name. See here for list of support schedulers.	"WarmupLR"
params	Dictionary of parameters to instantiate scheduler. The parameter names should match scheduler constructor signature.	{"warmup_min_lr": 0, "warmup_max_lr": 0.001}

Example of scheduler

 "scheduler": {
      "type": "WarmupLR",
      "params": {
          "warmup_min_lr": 0,
          "warmup_max_lr": 0.001,
          "warmup_num_steps": 1000
      }
  }

Communication options

communication_data_type: [boolean]

Description	Default
During gradient averaging perform communication with selected data type. By default it will be determined by selected regime	None

prescale_gradients: [boolean]

Description	Default
Scale gradients before doing allreduce	false

gradient_predivide_factor: [float]

Description	Default
Before gradient averaging predivide gradients by a specified factor, can sometimes help with fp16 stability when scaling to large numbers of GPUs	1.0

sparse_gradients: [boolean]

Description	Default
Enable sparse compression of torch.nn.Embedding gradients. This feature is essentially deprecated as we don’t see use cases for it as much anymore. It should be noted that this feature is not compatible with torch.sparse related features.	false

FP16 training options

Note: this mode cannot be combined with the amp mode described below.

fp16: [dictionary]

Description

Default

Configuration for using mixed precision/FP16 training that leverages NVIDIA’s Apex package. An example, including the available dictionary keys is illustrated below. NOTE: this does not use Apex’s AMP mode that allows for more flexibility in mixed precision training modes, this mode is similar to AMP’s O2 mode. Please see AMP support below if you want to use more complex mixed precision modes. If you want to use ZeRO (currently) you must use this mode.

None

"fp16": {
    "enabled": true,
    "auto_cast": false,
    "loss_scale": 0,
    "initial_scale_power": 16,
    "loss_scale_window": 1000,
    "hysteresis": 2,
    "min_loss_scale": 1
}

fp16:enabled: [boolean]

Description	Default
enabled is a fp16 parameter indicating whether or not FP16 training enabled.	false

fp16:auto_cast: [boolean]

Description	Default
auto_cast automatically casts inputs to fp16	false

fp16:loss_scale: [float]

Description	Default
loss_scale is a fp16 parameter representing the loss scaling value for FP16 training. The default value of 0.0 results in dynamic loss scaling, otherwise the value will be used for static fixed loss scaling.	0.0

fp16:initial_scale_power: [integer]

Description	Default
initial_scale_power is a fp16 parameter representing the power of the initial dynamic loss scale value. The actual loss scale is computed as 2initial_scale_power.	32

fp16:loss_scale_window: [integer]

Description	Default
loss_scale_window is a fp16 parameter representing the window over which to raise/lower the dynamic loss scale value.	1000

fp16:hysteresis: [integer]

Description	Default
hysteresis is a fp16 parameter representing the delay shift in dynamic loss scaling.	2

fp16:min_loss_scale: [integer]

Description	Default
min_loss_scale is a fp16 parameter representing the minimum dynamic loss scale value.	1

BFLOAT16 training options

Note: this mode cannot be combined with the amp mode described below.

Note: this mode cannot be combined with the fp16 mode described above.

bf16: [dictionary]

Description	Default
Configuration for using bfloat16 floating-point format as an alternative to FP16. BFLOAT16 requires hardware support (e.g., NVIDIA A100). An example, including the available dictionary keys is illustrated below. Training with bfloat16 does not require loss scaling.	None

"bf16": {
   "enabled": true
 }

bf16:enabled: [boolean]

Description	Default
enabled indicates whether BFLOAT16 training is enabled.	false

Automatic mixed precision (AMP) training options

Note: this mode cannot be combined with the fp16 mode described above. In addition this mode is not currently compatible with ZeRO.

amp: [dictionary]

Description	Default
Configuration for using automatic mixed precision (AMP) training that leverages NVIDIA’s Apex AMP package. An example, including the available dictionary keys is illustrated below. Is not compatible with fp16 mode above or ZeRO. Any parameters outside of “enabled” will be passed to AMP’s initialize call, see the API and descriptions here at the apex.amp.initialize documentation.	None

"amp": {
    "enabled": true,
    ...
    "opt_level": "O1",
    ...
}

amp:enabled: [boolean]

Description	Default
enabled is an amp parameter indicating whether or not AMP training is enabled.	false

amp params: [various]

Description	Default
Any parameters outside of “enabled” will be passed to AMP’s initialize call, see the API and descriptions here at the apex.amp.initialize documentation.	None

Gradient Clipping

gradient_clipping: [float]

Description	Default
Enable gradient clipping with value	1.0

ZeRO Optimizations for FP16 Training

Enabling and configuring ZeRO memory optimizations

  "zero_optimization": {
    "stage": [0|1|2|3],
    "allgather_partitions": [true|false],
    "allgather_bucket_size": 5e8,
    "overlap_comm": false,
    "reduce_scatter": [true|false],
    "reduce_bucket_size": 5e8,
    "contiguous_gradients" : [true|false],
    "offload_param": {
      ...
    },
    "offload_optimizer": {
      ...
    },
    "stage3_max_live_parameters" : 1e9,
    "stage3_max_reuse_distance" : 1e9,
    "stage3_prefetch_bucket_size" : 5e8,
    "stage3_param_persistence_threshold" : 1e6,
    "sub_group_size" : 1e12,
    "elastic_checkpoint" : [true|false],
    "stage3_gather_16bit_weights_on_model_save": [true|false],
    "ignore_unused_parameters": [true|false]
    "round_robin_gradients": [true|false]
    }

zero_optimization: [dictionary]

Description	Default
Enable ZeRO memory optimizations, compatible with FP16/BF16/FP32 and the Adam optimizer.	false

stage: [integer]

Description	Default
Chooses different stages of ZeRO Optimizer. Stage 0, 1, 2, and 3 refer to disabled, optimizer state partitioning, and optimizer+gradient state partitioning, and optimizer+gradient+parameter partitioning, respectively.	0

allgather_partitions: [boolean]

Description	Default
Chooses between allgather collective or a series of broadcast collectives to gather updated parameters from all the GPUs at the end of each step	true

allgather_bucket_size: [integer]

Description	Default
Number of elements allgathered at a time. Limits the memory required for the allgather for large model sizes	5e8

overlap_comm: [boolean]

Description	Default
Attempts to overlap the reduction of the gradients with backward computation	false

reduce_scatter: [boolean]

Description	Default
Uses reduce or reduce scatter instead of allreduce to average gradients	true

reduce_bucket_size: [integer]

Description	Default
Number of elements reduced/allreduced at a time. Limits the memory required for the allgather for large model sizes	5e8

contiguous_gradients: [boolean]

Description	Default
Copies the gradients to a contiguous buffer as they are produced. Avoids memory fragmentation during backward pass.	True

grad_hooks: [boolean]

Description	Default
For use with ZeRO stage 1, enable backward hooks to reduce gradients during the backward pass or wait until the end of the backward pass.	True

round_robin_gradients: [boolean]

Description	Default
Stage 1 and 2 optimization for CPU offloading that parallelizes gradient copying to CPU memory among ranks by fine-grained gradient partitioning. Performance benefit grows with gradient accumulation steps (more copying between optimizer steps) or GPU count (increased parallelism).	False

offload_param: [dictionary]

Description	Default
Enable offloading of model parameters to CPU or NVMe. This frees up GPU memory for larger models or batch sizes. Valid only with stage 3. See here for more details.	False

offload_optimizer: [dictionary]

Description	Default
Enable offloading of optimizer state to CPU or NVMe, and optimizer computation to CPU. This frees up GPU memory for larger models or batch sizes. Valid for ZeRO stage 1, 2, 3. See here for more details.	False

stage3_max_live_parameters: [integer]

Description	Default
The maximum number of parameters resident per GPU before releasing. Smaller values use less memory, but perform more communication.	1e9

stage3_max_reuse_distance: [integer]

Description	Default
Do not release a parameter if it will be reused within this threshold of parameters. Smaller values use less memory, but perform more communication.	1e9

stage3_prefetch_bucket_size: [integer]

Description	Default
The size of the fixed buffer for prefetching parameters. Smaller values use less memory, but can increase stalls due to communication.	5e8

stage3_param_persistence_threshold: [integer]

Description	Default
Do not partition parameters smaller than this threshold. Smaller values use less memory, but can greatly increase communication (especially latency-bound messages).	1e6

stage3_gather_16bit_weights_on_model_save: [boolean]

Description	Default
Consolidate the weights before saving the model by save_16bit_model(). Since the weights are partitioned across GPUs, they aren’t part of state_dict, so this function automatically gathers the weights when this option is enabled and then saves the fp16 model weights.	False

cpu_offload: [boolean]

Deprecated: cpu_offload is deprecated and will be removed in future, please use offload_optimizer instead.

Description	Default
Enable offloading of optimizer memory and computation to CPU. This frees up GPU memory for larger models or batch sizes. Valid with stage 1 and 2.	False

Parameter offloading

Enabling and configuring ZeRO optimization of parameter offloading to CPU/NVMe. Available only with ZeRO stage 3. Note that if the value of “device” is not specified or not supported, an assertion will be triggered.

  "offload_param": {
    "device": "[cpu|nvme]",
    "nvme_path": "/local_nvme",
    "pin_memory": [true|false],
    "buffer_count": 5,
    "buffer_size": 1e8,
    "max_in_cpu": 1e9
  }

device: [string]

Description	Default
Device memory to offload model parameters. Supported options are cpu and nvme.	cpu

nvme_path: [string]

Description	Default
Filesystem path for NVMe device for parameter offloading.	/local_nvme

pin_memory: [boolean]

Description	Default
Offload to page-locked CPU memory. This could boost throughput at the cost of extra memory overhead.	false

buffer_count: [integer]

Description	Default
Number of buffers in buffer pool for parameter offloading to NVMe.	5

buffer_size: [integer]

Description	Default
Size of buffers in buffer pool for parameter offloading to NVMe.	1e8

max_in_cpu: [integer]

Description	Default
Number of parameter elements to maintain in CPU memory when offloading to NVMe is enabled.	1e9

Optimizer offloading

Enabling and configuring ZeRO optimization of offloading optimizer computation to CPU and state to CPU/NVMe. CPU offloading is available with ZeRO stage 1, 2, 3. NVMe offloading is available only with ZeRO stage 3. Note that if the value of “device” is not specified or not supported, an assertion will be triggered.

  "offload_optimizer": {
    "device": "[cpu|nvme]",
    "nvme_path": "/local_nvme",
    "pin_memory": [true|false],
    "buffer_count": 4,
    "fast_init": false
  }

device: [string]

Description	Default
Device memory to offload optimizer state. Supported options are cpu and nvme. Optimizer computation is offload to CPU regardless of device option.	cpu

nvme_path: [string]

Description	Default
Filesystem path for NVMe device for optimizer state offloading.	/local_nvme

pin_memory: [boolean]

Description	Default
Offload to page-locked CPU memory. This could boost throughput at the cost of extra memory overhead.	false

buffer_count: [integer]

Description	Default
Number of buffers in buffer pool for optimizer state offloading to NVMe. This should be at least the number of states maintained per parameter by the optimizer. For example, Adam optimizer has 4 states (parameter, gradient, momentum, and variance).	4

fast_init: [boolean]

Description	Default
Enable fast optimizer initialization when offloading to NVMe.	false

Asynchronous I/O

Configuring the asynchronous I/O module for offloading parameter and optimizer states to persistent (NVMe) storage. This module uses Linux native asynchronous I/O (libaio).

  "aio": {
    "block_size": 1048576,
    "queue_depth": 8,
    "thread_count": 1,
    "single_submit": false,
    "overlap_events": true
  }

block_size: [integer]

Description	Default
I/O block size in bytes.	1048576

queue_depth: [integer]

Description	Default
I/O queue depth.	8

thread_count: [integer]

Description	Default
Intra-request parallelism for each read/write submitted by a user thread.	1

single_submit: [boolean]

Description	Default
Submit requests to storage device as multiple individual requests as opposed to one block of requests.	false

overlap_events: [boolean]

Description	Default
Submit requests to storage device in an overlapped fashion without waiting for completion of earlier requests.	true

ignore_unused_parameters: [boolean]

Description	Default
Unused parameters in modules may be unexpected in static networks, but could be normal in dynamic networks. This controls whether or not training should terminate with an error message when unused parameters are detected. This is set to False by default, which means unused parameters are ignored and training continues. Now is just used in stage 2.	True

Logging

steps_per_print: [integer]

Description	Default
Print progress report every N training steps. The report includes the number of training steps, number of skipped optimizer updates (likely due to overflows in mixed-precision training), current learning rate, and current momentum.	10

wall_clock_breakdown: [boolean]

Description	Default
Enable timing of the latency of forward/backward/update training phases	false

dump_state: [boolean]

Description	Default
Print out state information of DeepSpeed object after initialization	false

Autotuning

{
  "autotuning": {
    "enabled": false,
    "results_dir": "autotuning_results",
    "exps_dir": "autotuning_exps",
    "overwrite": false,
    "metric": "throughput",
    "start_profile_step": 3,
    "end_profile_step": 5,
    "fast": true,
    "max_train_batch_size": null,
    "mp_size": 1,
    "num_tuning_micro_batch_sizes": 3,
    "tuner_type": "model_based",
    "tuner_early_stopping": 5,
    "tuner_num_trials": 50,
    "arg_mappings": null
  }
}

enabled: [boolean]

Description	Default
Enables the autotuner.	false

results_dir: [string]

Description	Default
Path to the autotuning experiment results directory. The default appears in the working directory from which Deepspeed was launched.	“autotuning_results”

exps_dir: [string]

Description	Default
Path to the auotuning experiment descriptions directory. The default appears in the working directory from which Deepspeed was launched.	“autotuning_exps”

overwrite: [boolean]

Description	Default
Whether to run autotuing experiments whose results already exist. Setting it to true would overwrite the existing result.	false

metric: [string]

Description	Default
The performance metric to use for ranking autotuning experiments. latency, throughput, and FLOPS are currently supported, referring to training step latency, training samples per second, and floating-point operations per second achieved per GPU respectively.	throughput

start_profile_step: [integer]

Description	Default
The global training step at which to start profiling in an autotuning experiment. Note that warm-up is needed for accurate performance measurement.	3

end_profile_step: [integer]

Description	Default
The global training step at which to end profiling in an autotuning experiment. Must not be less than start_profile_step.	5

fast: [boolean]

Description	Default
Enables fast-model autotuning where only Zero stages and micro-batch sizes per GPU are tuned.	true

max_train_batch_size: [int]

Description	Default
The maximum train batch size (global effective batch size) for the model training.	null

mp_size: [int]

Description	Default
Model parallelism degree.	1

num_tuning_micro_batch_sizes: [integer]

Description	Default
The number of micro-batch sizes to explore.	3

tuner_type: [string]

Description	Default
The algorithm defines the order of autotuning space exploration within a ZeRO stage.	model_based

tuner_early_stopping: [integer]

Description	Default
The number of experiments to run beyond the current best experiment. If no better experiment is found within that number, the Autotuner stops the exploration.	5

tuner_num_trials: [integer]

Description	Default
The maximum number of experiments to explore in the tuning space within a ZeRO stage.	50

Flops Profiler

{
  "flops_profiler": {
    "enabled": false,
    "profile_step": 1,
    "module_depth": -1,
    "top_modules": 1,
    "detailed": true,
    "output_file": null,
    }
}

enabled: [boolean]

Description	Default
Enables the flops profiler. This would also enables wall_clock_breakdown	false

profile_step: [integer]

Description	Default
The global training step at which to profile. Note that warm up steps are needed for accurate time measurement.	1

module_depth: [integer]

Description	Default
The depth of the model at which to print the aggregated module information. When set to -1, it prints information from the top module to the innermost modules (the maximum depth).	-1

top_modules: [integer]

Description	Default
Limits the aggregated profile output to the number of top modules specified.	1

detailed: [boolean]

Description	Default
Whether to print the detailed model profile.	true

output_file: [string]

Description	Default
Path to the output file. If None, the profiler prints to stdout..	null

Activation Checkpointing

  "activation_checkpointing": {
    "partition_activations": false,
    "cpu_checkpointing": false,
    "contiguous_memory_optimization": false,
    "number_checkpoints": null,
    "synchronize_checkpoint_boundary": false,
    "profile": false
    }

partition_activations: [boolean]

Description	Default
Enables partition activation when used with model parallelism	false

cpu_checkpointing: [boolean]

Description	Default
Offloads partitioned activations to CPU if partition_activations is enabled	false

contiguous_memory_optimization: [boolean]

Description	Default
Copies partitioned activations so that they are contiguous in memory	false

number_checkpoints: [integer]

Description	Default
Total number of activation checkpoints used to allocate memory buffer for contiguous_memory_optimization	None

synchronize_checkpoint_boundary: [boolean]

Description	Default
Inserts get_accelerator().synchronize() at each checkpoint boundary.	false

profile: [boolean]

Description	Default
Logs the forward and backward time for each checkpoint function	false

Sparse Attention

sparse_attention: [dictionary]

Fields	Value	Example
mode	A string determining sparsity structure type. Deepspeed currently supports "dense", "fixed", "bigbird", "bslongformer", and "variable".	"fixed"
block	An integer determining the block size. Current implementation of sparse self-attention is based on blocked sparse matrices. In which this parameter defines size of such blocks, Block X Block.	16
different_layout_per_head	A boolean determining if each head should be assigned a different sparsity layout; this will be satisfied based on availability.	false
num_local_blocks	An integer determining the number of random blocks in each block row; only used in "fixed" mode.	4
num_global_blocks	An integer determining how many consecutive blocks in a local window is used as the representative of the window for global attention; used in "fixed" and "bigbird" modes.	1
attention	A string determining attention type. Attention can be "unidirectional", such as autoregressive models, in which tokens attend only to tokens appear before them in the context. Considering that, the upper triangular of attention matrix is empty. Or it can be "bidirectional", such as BERT, in which tokens can attend to any other tokens before or after them. Then, the upper triangular part of the attention matrix is mirror of the lower triangular; used in "fixed" and "variable" modes.	"bidirectional"
horizontal_global_attention	A boolean determining if blocks that are global representative of a local window, also attend to all other blocks. This is valid only if attention type is "bidirectional". Looking at the attention matrix, that means global attention not only includes the vertical blocks, but also horizontal blocks; used in "fixed" and "variable" modes.	false
num_different_global_patterns	An integer determining number of different global attentions layouts. While global attention can be fixed by which block/s are representative of any local window, since there are multi-heads, each head can use a different global representative; used only in "fixed" mode.	4
num_random_blocks	An integer determining the number of random blocks in each block row; used in "variable" and "bigbird" modes.	0
local_window_blocks	A list of integers determining the number of blocks in each local attention window. It assumes first number determines # of blocks in the first local window, second the second window, …, and the last number determines the number of blocks in the remaining local windows; only used in "variable" mode.	[4]
global_block_indices	A list of integers determining which blocks are considered as global attention. Given indices, determine the blocks that all other token blocks attend to and they attend to all other token blocks. Notice that if global_block_end_indices parameter is set, this parameter is used as starting index of each global window; used in "variable" and "bslongformer" modes.	[0]
global_block_end_indices	A list of integers determining end indices of global window blocks. By default this is not used. But if it is set, it must have the same size of global_block_indices parameter, and combining this two parameters, for each index i, blocks from global_block_indices[i] to global_block_end_indices[i], exclusive, are considered as global attention; used in "variable" and "bslongformer" modes.	None
num_sliding_window_blocks	An integer determining the number of blocks in sliding local attention window; used in "bigbird" and "bslongformer" modes.	3

Example of sparse_attention

  "sparse_attention": {
    "mode": "fixed",
    "block": 16,
    "different_layout_per_head": true,
    "num_local_blocks": 4,
    "num_global_blocks": 1,
    "attention": "bidirectional",
    "horizontal_global_attention": false,
    "num_different_global_patterns": 4,
    "num_random_blocks": 0,
    "local_window_blocks": [4],
    "global_block_indices": [0],
    "global_block_end_indices": None,
    "num_sliding_window_blocks": 3
  }

Data Efficiency

DeepSpeed Data Efficiency Library includes two techniques: curriculum learning and random layerwise token dropping (random-LTD). Read more about how to use the DeepSpeed Data Efficiency Library in our tutorial.

"data_efficiency": {
  "enabled": true,
  "seed": 1234,
  "data_routing": {
    "enabled": true,
    "random_ltd":{
      "enabled": true,
      "total_layer_num": 24,
      "random_ltd_layer_num": 22,
      "random_ltd_layer_id": [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22],
      "model_mask_name": "attention_mask",
      "model_type": "decoder",
      "hidden_state_order": "seq_batch_dim",
      "random_ltd_schedule": {
        "min_value": 128,
        "max_value": 2048,
        "schedule_type":"fixed_linear",
        "schedule_config": {
          "require_steps": 200000,
          "seq_per_step": 16
        }
      }
    }
  },
  "data_sampling": {
    "enabled": true,
    "num_epochs": 1,
    "num_workers": 0,
    "curriculum_learning": {
      "enabled": true,
      "data_cluster_path": "/path/to/data_clusters",
      "curriculum_metrics": {
        "vocabularyrarity": {
          "index_to_sample_path": "/path/to/index_to_sample",
          "index_to_metric_path": "/path/to/index_to_metric",
          "difficulty_type": "percentile",
          "clustering_type": "schedule_based",
          "min_difficulty": 1,
          "max_difficulty": 100,
          "schedule_type": "fixed_root",
          "schedule_config": {
            "total_curriculum_step": 110000,
            "difficulty_step": 1,
            "root_degree": 2
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

data_efficiency: [dictionary]

Fields	Value	Default
enabled: [boolean]	Enable data efficiency or not.	false
seed: [integer]	Random seed for data sampling.	1234
data_routing: [dictionary]	Configs for data routing techniques.	N/A
data_sampling: [dictionary]	Configs for data sampling techniques.	N/A

data_routing: [dictionary]

Fields	Value	Default
enabled: [boolean]	Enable data routing techniques or not.	false
random_ltd: [dictionary]	Configs for random-LTD technique.	N/A

data_sampling: [dictionary]

Fields	Value	Default
enabled: [boolean]	Enable data sampling techniques or not.	false
num_epochs: [integer]	At most how many epoches of the original dataset will be iterated.	1000
num_workers: [integer]	Data loader number of workers.	0
curriculum_learning: [dictionary]	Configs for curriculum learing technique.	N/A

random_ltd: [dictionary]

Fields	Value	Default
enabled: [boolean]	Enable random-LTD technique or not.	false
total_layer_num: [integer]	The number of layer (or the depth) for the pretraining/fine-tuning model.	N/A
random_ltd_layer_num: [integer]	The number of layers that will be applied with random-LTD.	N/A
random_ltd_layer_id: [list]	The exact layer_id that will be applied with random-LTD. The length of this list must be the same as random_ltd_layer_num.	N/A
model_mask_name: [str]	The variable name of the attention_mask. Different libraries have different names, such as att_mask. For huggingface model, it’s named “attention_mask”. Users need to check the forward function in the original model files. If the attention mask input in the original model’s forward function is not a keyword/named argument (e.g., attention_mask=None), user would need to change it to a keyword/named argument and provide that keyword as model_mask_name.	N/A
model_type: [str]	Users need to identify whether the model is decoder or encoder. Currently we only support these two.	N/A
hidden_state_order: [str]	Users need to know the input order of the hidden state tensor. Normally, it’s batch, sequence and then the hidden dimension, which is batch_seq_dim. Somethings, the order between batch and sequence will be switch like seq_batch_dim. Currently, we support these two.	N/A
random_ltd_schedule: [dictionary]	The schedule of the effective sequence length after token dropping. It’s a linear function where random-LTD gradually drops less tokens and increases effective sequence length.	N/A
min_value: [integer]	The initial effective sequence length (after token dropping) at step/iteration 0.	N/A
max_value: [integer]	The max effective sequence length (usually the case without any token dropping). Usually this is set as baseline’s seqlen.	N/A
schedule_type: [str]	The sequence length follows a linear increasing function starting from min_value and reaching max_value. We currently only support this type.	N/A
schedule_config: [dictionary]	Configs for the linear increasing function.	N/A
require_steps: [integer]	How many iterations will be needed to reach max_value from min_value.	N/A
seq_per_step: [integer]	At any time, the effective sequence length be multiple of this seq_per_step. Set this to multiple of 8 (for FP16 data) or 16 (for INT8 data) to enable NVIDIA Tensor Core acceleration.	N/A

curriculum_learning: [dictionary]

Fields	Value	Default
enabled: [boolean]	Enable curriculum learing technique or not.	false
data_cluster_path: [str]	Path to directory where curriculum learning will store the indexes of data samples within the same difficulty ranges.	N/A
curriculum_metrics: [dictionary]	This dictionary includes all desired curriculum metrics and their configs. Each metric will be a separate sub-dictionary, where the key is the metric name and the values are configs below.	N/A
index_to_sample_path: [str]	Path to the index_to_sample file generated during offline data analysis. Note that data analysis will generate two kinds of index_to_sample files: The metric_name_index_to_sample_percentile_merged file is a concatenated index for perf improvement, but it only works when you set difficulty_type=percentile. If you use difficulty_type=value, you need to change this to use the metric_name_index_to_sample file.	N/A
index_to_metric_path: [str]	Path to the index_to_metric_path file generated during offline data analysis.	N/A
difficulty_type: [str]	During training, how to increase the max accepted difficulty. Currently support value (increase by absolute value) and percentile (increase by difficulty percentile).	N/A
clustering_type: [str]	Currently support schedule_based (cluster data based on the difficulty schedule (pacing function) below) and single_cluster (no clustering required and probably CL is achieved by data postprocessing, such as sequence length truncation).	N/A
min_difficulty: [integer]	Starting difficulty at first step. When difficulty_type=value the min_difficulty is an absolute difficulty value. When difficulty_type=percentile the min_difficulty is a difficulty percentile value.	N/A
max_difficulty: [integer]	Final max difficulty. When difficulty_type=value the max_difficulty is an absolute difficulty value. When difficulty_type=percentile the max_difficulty is a difficulty percentile value.	N/A
schedule_type: [str]	The difficulty schedule (pacing function) that defines how the max accepted difficulty increases from min_difficulty to max_difficulty during training. Currently support fixed_linear, fixed_root, fixed_discrete, and custom.	N/A
schedule_config: [dictionary]	Configs for the pacing function. When schedule_type=custom this dictionary is not necessary. Instead user needs to provide a callback function (via the set_custom_curriculum_learning_schedule API in deepspeed/runtime/engine.py) which will update the max accepted difficulty during training. Configs below are all belongs to schedule_config.	N/A
total_curriculum_step: [integer]	How many steps the curriculum learning takes to go from min difficulty to max difficulty. Used by fixed_linear and fixed_root schedule.	N/A
difficulty_step: [integer]	The max accepted difficulty level determined every step must be a multiple of this difficulty_step. This is used to ensure the use of NVIDIA Tensor Core acceleration (requires multiple of 8 (FP16) or 16 (INT8)). Used by fixed_linear and fixed_root schedule.	N/A
root_degree: [integer]	The degree of the root function. Degree of 2 means square root and degree of 3 means cube root. Degree of 1 is equivalent to linear. Used by fixed_root schedule.	N/A
difficulty: [list]	List of max accepted difficulty levels to be used during schedule. Used by fixed_discrete schedule.	N/A
max_step: [list]	List of which step to change max accepted difficulty level. Used by fixed_discrete schedule.	N/A

Curriculum Learning

Note: On 12/12/2022, we released DeepSpeed Data Efficiency Library which provides a more general curriculum learning support. This legacy curriculum learning feature below is still supported but we recommend to use the Data Efficiency Library.

  "curriculum_learning": {
    "enabled": true,
    "curriculum_type": "seqlen",
    "min_difficulty": 8,
    "max_difficulty": 1024,
    "schedule_type": "fixed_linear",
    "schedule_config": {
      "total_curriculum_step": 40000,
      "difficulty_step": 8
    }
  }

enabled: [boolean]

Description	Default
Set to true to enable curriculum learning	false

curriculum_type: [string]

Description	Default
Type of curriculum difficulty metric. Currently support seqlen.	N/A

min_difficulty: [integer]

Description	Default
The starting difficulty level	N/A

max_difficulty: [integer]

Description	Default
The ending difficulty level	N/A

schedule_type: [string]

Description	Default
Type of curriculum schedule. Currently support fixed_linear, fixed_root, and fixed_discrete.	N/A

total_curriculum_step: [integer]

Description	Default
Total number of steps for the curriculum learning. One of the schedule_config when the fixed_linear and fixed_root schedule_type are used.	N/A

difficulty_step: [integer]

Description	Default
At any time, the curriculum learning difficulty must be multiple of this difficulty_step. Set this to multiple of 8 (for FP16 data) or 16 (for INT8 data) to enable NVIDIA Tensor Core acceleration. One of the schedule_config when the fixed_linear and fixed_root schedule_type are used.	N/A

root_degree: [integer]

Description	Default
Root degree of the curriculum schedule function. One of the schedule_config when the fixed_root schedule_type is used.	N/A

difficulty: [list of integer]

Description	Default
List of difficulty levels to be used during schedule. One of the schedule_config when the fixed_discrete schedule_type is used.	N/A

max_step: [list of integer]

Description	Default
List of which step to change difficulty level. One of the schedule_config when the fixed_discrete schedule_type is used.	N/A

Monitoring Module (TensorBoard, WandB, CSV)

Note: Deepspeed logs to TensorBoard through PyTorch. Logging to TensorBoard requires that the tensorboard package is installed (read more in the PyTorch documentation).

Note: Logging to WandB requires that the wandb package is installed (read more in the WandB documentation).

Deepspeed’s Monitor module can log training details into a Tensorboard-compatible file, to WandB, or to simple CSV files. Below is an overview of what DeepSpeed will log automatically.

Field	Description	Conditions
Train/Samples/train_loss	The training loss.	None
Train/Samples/lr	The learning rate during training.	None
Train/Samples/loss_scale	The loss scale when training using fp16.	fp16 must be enabled.
Train/Eigenvalues/ModelBlockParam_{i}	Eigen values per param block.	eigenvalue must be enabled.
Train/Samples/elapsed_time_ms_forward	The global duration of the forward pass.	flops_profiler.enabled or wall_clock_breakdown.
Train/Samples/elapsed_time_ms_backward	The global duration of the forward pass.	flops_profiler.enabled or wall_clock_breakdown.
Train/Samples/elapsed_time_ms_backward_inner	The backward time that does not include the the gradient reduction time. Only in cases where the gradient reduction is not overlapped, if it is overlapped then the inner time should be about the same as the entire backward time.	flops_profiler.enabled or wall_clock_breakdown.
Train/Samples/elapsed_time_ms_backward_allreduce	The global duration of the allreduce operation.	flops_profiler.enabled or wall_clock_breakdown.
Train/Samples/elapsed_time_ms_step	The optimizer step time	flops_profiler.enabled or wall_clock_breakdown.

tensorboard: [dictionary]

Fields	Value	Default
enabled	Whether logging to Tensorboard is enabled.	false
output_path	Path to where the Tensorboard logs will be written. If None, the output path is set under the training script’s launching path.	null
job_name	Name for the current job. This will become a new directory inside output_path.	"DeepSpeedJobName"

Example of tensorboard configuration:

"tensorboard": {
    "enabled": true,
    "output_path": "output/ds_logs/",
    "job_name": "train_bert"
}

wandb: [dictionary]

Fields	Value	Default
enabled	Whether logging to WandB is enabled.	false
group	Name for the WandB group. This can be used to group together runs.	None
team	Name for the WandB team.	None
project	Name for the WandB project.	deepspeed

Example of wandb configuration:

"wandb": {
    "enabled": true,
    "group": "my_group",
    "team": "my_team",
    "project": "my_project"
}

csv_monitor: [dictionary]

Fields	Value	Default
enabled	Whether logging to local CSV files is enabled.	false
output_path	Path to where the csv files will be written. If None, the output path is set under the training script’s launching path.	null
job_name	Name for the current job. This will become a new directory inside output_path	"DeepSpeedJobName"

Example of csv_monitor configuration:

"csv_monitor": {
    "enabled": true,
    "output_path": "output/ds_logs/",
    "job_name": "train_bert"
}

Elastic Training Config (V0.1 and V0.2)

  "elasticity": {
    "enabled": true,
    "max_train_batch_size": "seqlen",
    "micro_batch_sizes": 8,
    "min_gpus": 1024,
    "max_gpus": "fixed_linear",
    "min_time": "seqlen",
    "version": 8,
    "ignore_non_elastic_batch_info": 1024,
    "num_gpus_per_node": "fixed_linear",
    "model_parallel_size": MODEL_PARALLEL_SIZE
  }

Field	Description	Default
enabled	Enables computation of global batch size in elastic training.	false
max_train_batch_size	Max acceptable batch size can be used in training.	2000
micro_batch_sizes	Acceptable micro batch sizes, same as train_micro_batch_size_per_gpu	[2,4,6]
min_gpus	Min number of GPUs to search over when computing highly composite batch size in v0.1 and v0.2.	1
max_gpus	Max number of GPUs to search over when computing highly composite batch size in v0.1 and v0.2.	10000
min_time	Minimum running time (minutes) before the scheduler will scale again (only used in v0.1). 0 implies it’s unknown	0
prefer_large_batch	When finding a suitable batch size, attempt to find one that is closest to the max train batch size given.	true
version	Version of elastic logic to use.	0.2
ignore_non_elastic_batch_info	Ignore all batch info provided outside the elastic config. To reduce confusion, we require all batch related info to be given in elastic config only.	false
num_gpus_per_node	Number of GPUs per node. This information is used by v0.2 to support model-parallel training (only used by v0.2)	1
model_parallel_size	Tensor or model parallel size (only used by v0.2)	1

Communication Logging

DeepSpeed provides a flexible communication logging tool which can automatically detect and record communication operations launched via deepspeed.comm. NOTE: All logging communication calls are synchronized in order to provide accurate timing information. This may hamper performance if your model heavily uses asynchronous communication operations.

Once the logs are populated, they can be summarized with deepspeed.comm.log_summary(). For more detail and example usage, see the tutorial

comms_logger: [dictionary]

Fields	Value	Default
enabled	Whether communication logging is enabled.	false
verbose	Whether to immediately print every communication operation	false
prof_all	Whether to profile all operations.	true
debug	Appends the caller function to each communication operation’s log_name.	false
prof_ops	A list of communication operations to log (only the specified ops will be profiled).	[]

Example of recommended comms_logger configuration:

"comms_logger": {
  "enabled": true,
  "verbose": false,
  "prof_all": true,
  "debug": false
}

Example of comms_logger configuration for logging specific operations only:

"comms_logger": {
  "enabled": true,
  "verbose": false,
  "prof_all": false,
  "debug": false,
  "prof_ops": ["all_reduce", "all_gather"]
}

Compression

Note: Compression has seven different components, including layer reduction, weight quantization, activation quantization, sparse pruning, row pruning, head pruning, and channel pruning. We explain them one by one with simple json examples. Read more about how to use the DeepSpeed Compression library in our tutorial.

Layer Reduction

Note: Layer reduction works much better when using knowledage distillation (learn more in our tutorial):

"compression_training": {
    "layer_reduction": {
      "enabled": true,
      "keep_number_layer": 5,
      "module_name_prefix": "bert.encoder.layer",
      "teacher_layer": [
        2,
        4,
        6,
        8,
        10
      ],
      "other_module_name": [
        "bert.pooler",
        "bert.embeddings",
        "classifier"
      ]
    }
  }

layer_reduction: [dictionary]

Fields	Value	Default
enabled: [boolean]	Enable layer reduction or not.	false
keep_number_layer: [list]	The number of layer in the model to be kept.	N/A
module_name_prefix: [str]	The (uniform) name prefix of the model’s modules of which the associated weight parameters are to be reinitialized.	N/A
teacher_layer: [list]	The layer of the weight parameters are to be reinitialized. The length of the list equals to ‘keep_number_layer’.	N/A
other_module_name: [list]	The name of modules of which the associated weight parameters are to be reinitialized. It is an complemenatory or alternative of module_name_prefix. For instance, “other_module_name”: [“bert.encoder.layer.2”,”bert.encoder.layer.4”] equals to “module_name_prefix”:”bert.encoder.layer” and “teacher_layer”: [2,4].	N/A

Weight Quantization

  "compression_training": {
  "weight_quantization": {
    "shared_parameters":{
      "enabled": true,
      "quantizer_kernel": false,
      "schedule_offset": 0,
      "quantize_groups": 1,
      "quantize_verbose": false,
      "quantization_type": "symmetric",
      "rounding": "nearest",
      "quantize_weight_in_forward": false,
      "fp16_mixed_quantize":{
        "enabled": false,
        "quantize_change_ratio": 0.001
      }
    },
    "different_groups":{
      "wq1": {
        "params": {
            "start_bits": 8,
            "target_bits": 8,
            "quantization_period": 50
        },
        "modules": [
          "attention.self",
          "intermediate"
        ]
      },
      "wq2": {
        "params": {
            "start_bits": 4,
            "target_bits": 4,
            "quantization_period": 50
        },
        "modules": [
          "attention.output"
        ]
      }
    }
  }
  }

shared_parameters: [dictionary]

Shared parameters for all weight quantization groups.

Fields	Value	Default
enabled: [boolean]	Enable weight quantization or not.	false
quantizer_kernel: [boolean]	Use DeepSpeed quantization kernel for >=4 bit quantization. This can only be enabled when using DeepSpeed FP16 optimizer.	false
schedule_offset: [integer]	Enable weight quantization after scheduled steps (can be treated as warmup steps).	0
quantize_groups: [integer]	Split the weight matrix into different number of groups, and each of them has its own scaling factor.	1
quantize_verbose: [boolean]	Print the quantization related logs.	false
quantization_type: [string]	Choose the quantization algorithm, symmetric or asymmetric.	"symmetric"
rounding: [string]	Rounding algorithm associated with quantization, nearest or stochastic.	"nearest"
quantize_weight_in_forward: [boolean]	Quantize weight in optimizer or forward step, must set to be true for FP32 optimizer training.	false
fp16_mixed_quantize: [dictionary]	Using the value mixed by FP16 value and the quantized value.	N/A
enabled: [boolean]	Whether fp16 mixed quantization is enabled.	false
quantize_change_ratio: [float]	Initial quantize value ratio, will gradually increase to 1.	0.001

different_groups: [dictionary]

Different quantization sets, this is used for different quantization parameters. In this example, we give two different sets. In practice, you can choose the number of sets based on your requirements.

Fields	Value	Default
params: [dictionary]
start_bits: [integer]	Quantization starting bits, will gradaully reduce to target bits.	8
target_bits: [integer]	Quantization target bits, need to be <= start_bits.	8
quantization_period: [integer]	For every n steps, the quantization bits will be reduce by 1.	1
modules: [list]	Scope of weight parameters associated to the params setting.	"All Linear and CONV2D layers"

Activation Quantization

"compression_training": {
  "activation_quantization": {
    "shared_parameters":{
      "enabled": true,
      "quantization_type": "asymmetric",
      "range_calibration": "dynamic",
      "schedule_offset": 50
    },
    "different_groups":{
      "aq1": {
        "params": {
            "bits": 8
        },
        "modules": [
          "attention.output"
        ]
      }
    }
  }

shared_parameters: [dictionary]

Shared parameters for all activation quantization groups.

Fields	Value	Default
enabled: [boolean]	Enable activation quantization or not.	false
quantization_type: [string]	Choose the quantization algorithm, symmetric or asymmetric.	"symmetric"
range_calibration: [string]	Using dynamic (per token or per image) or static (fixed min/max using momentum) for inference.	"static"
schedule_offset: [integer]	Enable activation quantization after scheduled steps (can be treated as warmup steps).	0

different_groups: [dictionary]

Different quantization sets, this is used for different quantization parameters. In this example, we give one set. In practice, you can choose the number of sets based on your requirements.

Fields	Value	Default
params: [dictionary]
bits: [integer]	Number of bits used for activation target bits, need to be >= 4.	8
modules: [list]	Scope of weight parameters associated to the params setting.	"All Linear and CONV2D layers"

Sparse Pruning

"compression_training": {
  "sparse_pruning":{
    "shared_parameters":{
      "enabled": true,
      "schedule_offset": 30,
      "method": "l1"
    },
    "different_groups":{
      "sp1": {
        "params": {
            "dense_ratio": 0.5
        },
        "modules": [
          "attention.self"
        ]
      }
    }
  }
}

shared_parameters: [dictionary]

Shared parameters for all sparse pruning groups.

Fields	Value	Default
enabled: [boolean]	Enable sparse pruning or not.	false
schedule_offset: [integer]	Enable sparse pruning after scheduled steps (can be treated as warmup steps).	0
method: [string]	Choose different pruning methods, l1 (static, magnitude based) or topk (dynamic, learnable).	"l1"

different_groups: [dictionary]

Different pruning sets, this is used for different pruning parameters. In this example, we give one set. In practice, you can choose the number of sets based on your requirements.

Fields	Value	Default
params: [dictionary]
dense_ratio: [float]	The percentage of weights to keep after pruning.	0.5
modules: [list]	Scope of weight parameters associated to the params setting.	"All Linear and CONV2D layers"

Row Pruning

Note: Row Pruning is a feature designed for two back-to-back linear layers (e.g., Feed Forward Network in Transformers). As such, we suggested use row pruning for the first linear layer (i.e., the intermediate.dense layer for BERT). Reducing the row dimension of this matrix can help reducing the column of the follow-up matrix (i.e., layer.\\w+.output.dense layer for BERT). It should also work for other linear layers as well.

"compression_training": {
  "row_pruning":{
    "shared_parameters":{
      "enabled": true,
      "schedule_offset": 20,
      "method": "topk"
    },
    "different_groups":{
      "rp1": {
        "params": {
            "dense_ratio": 0.5
        },
        "modules": [
          "intermediate.dense"
        ],
        "related_modules":[
          ["layer.\\w+.output.dense"]
        ]
      }
    }
  }
}

shared_parameters: [dictionary]

Shared parameters for all row pruning groups.

Fields	Value	Default
enabled: [boolean]	Enable row pruning or not.	false
schedule_offset: [integer]	Enable row pruning after scheduled steps (can be treated as warmup steps).	0
method: [string]	Choose different pruning methods, l1 (static, magnitude based) or topk (dynamic, learnable).	"l1"

different_groups: [dictionary]

Different pruning sets, this is used for different pruning parameters. In this example, we give one set. In practice, you can choose the number of sets based on your requirements.

Fields	Value	Default
params: [dictionary]
dense_ratio: [float]	The percentage of weights to keep after pruning.	0.5
modules: [list]	Scope of weight parameters associated to the params setting.	"All Linear and CONV2D layers"
related_modules: [list[list]]	Related module to the row pruned module, which can be performed column pruning.	None

Head Pruning

Note: Head Pruning is a feature designed for two attention layers (e.g., Multi Head Attention in Transformers). For now, it can only be applied to output matrix of the Transformer (i.e., attention.output.dense in BERT). Pruning the output matrix can lead to the pruning of Query/Key/Value matrix as well.

"compression_training": {
  "head_pruning":{
    "shared_parameters":{
      "enabled": true,
      "schedule_offset": 10,
      "method": "topk",
      "num_heads": 12
    },
    "different_groups":{
      "rp1": {
        "params": {
            "dense_ratio": 0.5
        },
        "modules": [
          "attention.output.dense"
        ],
        "related_modules":[
          ["self.query", "self.key", "self.value"]
        ]
      }
    }
  }
}

shared_parameters: [dictionary]

Shared parameters for all head pruning groups.

Fields	Value	Default
enabled: [boolean]	Enable head pruning or not.	false
schedule_offset: [integer]	Enable head pruning after scheduled steps (can be treated as warmup steps).	0
method: [string]	Choose different pruning methods. For now, we only support topk (dynamic, learnable).	"topk"
num_heads: [int]	Number of heads (must be provided by user).	N/A

different_groups: [dictionary]

Different pruning sets, this is used for different pruning parameters. In this example, we give one set. In practice, you can choose the number of sets based on your requirements.

Fields	Value	Default
params: [dictionary]
dense_ratio: [float]	The percentage of weights to keep after pruning.	0.5
modules: [list]	Scope of weight parameters associated to the params setting.	"All Linear and CONV2D layers"
related_modules: [list[list]]	Related module (Usually Q/K/V) to the head pruned module (i.e., the output matrix). For now, this feature only works for BERT.	None

Channel Pruning

Note: Channel Pruning is a feature designed for two back-to-back CONV2d layers (e.g., residual connection in ResNet). As such, we suggested use channel pruning for the first CONV2d layer. Reducing the number of output channels of this layer can help reducing the number of input channels the follow-up layer. It should also work for other CONV2d layers as well.

"compression_training": {
"channel_pruning":{
      "shared_parameters":{
        "enabled": true,
        "schedule_offset": 0,
        "method": "topk"
      },
      "different_groups":{
        "cp1": {
          "params": {
              "dense_ratio": 0.5
          },
          "modules": [
            "layer....conv1"
          ],
          "related_modules": [
            ["layer....conv2", "layer....bn1"]
          ]
        }
      }
    }
}

shared_parameters: [dictionary]

Shared parameters for all channel pruning groups.

Fields	Value	Default
enabled: [boolean]	Enable channel pruning or not.	false
schedule_offset: [integer]	Enable channel pruning after scheduled steps (can be treated as warmup steps).	0
method: [string]	Choose different pruning methods, l1 (static, magnitude based) or topk (dynamic, learnable).	"l1"

different_groups: [dictionary]

Different pruning sets, this is used for different pruning parameters. In this example, we give one set. In practice, you can choose the number of sets based on your requirements.

Fields	Value	Default
params: [dictionary]
dense_ratio: [float]	The percentage of weights to keep after pruning.	0.5
modules: [list]	Scope of weight parameters associated to the params setting.	"All CONV2D layers"
related_modules: [list[list]]	Related module to the channel pruned module.	None

Checkpoint options

"checkpoint": {
    "tag_validation"="Warn",
    "load_universal"=false,
    "use_node_local_storage"=false,
    "parallel_write":{
        "pipeline_stage": false
    }
}

tag_validation: [“Ignore”

“Warn”

“Fail”]

Description	Default
Enables level of checking to ensure checkpoint tags are consistent across all ranks. Useful when restoring with different world sizes.	“Warn”

load_universal: [boolean]

Description	Default
Load the latest checkpoint for all.	false

use_node_local_storage: [boolean]

Description	Default
If true DeepSpeed will store model parameter states and checkpoint states based on local rank allowing checkpoints to be loaded without access to a shared filesystem.	false

pipeline_stage: [boolean]

Description	Default
Use pipeline stages to parallelize the writing of checkpoints.	false

Data Type options

"data_types": {
    "grad_accum_dtype"=["fp32"|"fp16"|"bf16"]
    }
}

grad_accum_dtype: [“fp32”

“fp16”

“bf16”]

Description	Default
Specifies the data type in which to do gradient accumulation. If None the default is to match the model type.	None